Misuse Of Computers At The Workplace

Misuse Of Computers At The Workplace In general, the use of computers for illegal activities is an increasingly problem as virtually every commercial transaction occurs in the digital world. In addition, people spend a significant part of their lives at the workplace so that chances are high that any sort of misuse will occur. Internal and external threats to an organization are becoming prevalent. In order to manage the collection and handling of digital evidence, allowing it to be admissible in court, an organization needs to concentrate efforts in constituting mechanisms to effectively handle potential evidence for criminal investigations. In order to address that issue, I initially discuss how computers can be misused at the workplace, identify trends in the security incidents arena, and provide a quick view on the field of digital forensics science and cyber forensics. Later, I move to the context of the problem addressing issues of forensic readiness, admissibility of digital evidence, discovery, and practices for incident response. Finally, I convey a proposal aiming at proactively addressing issues of collection and admissibility of digital evidence. The background Misuse of computers at the workplace Computers can be misused at the workplace in a variety of different ways. From accessing inappropriate Internet sites to copying copyrighted material, such as music, video or software, employees can make offenses against the employer corporate policies. In addition, non-work related Internet activity, such as visiting sport sites, bidding online, trading stocks, shopping online, and collecting and sending jokes to co-workers may also infringe Information Security or Information Technology (IT) resources policies. It is known that one of the most common ways of computer misuse in the workplace is the utilization of corporate e-mail and the Internet for private use. Most companies use Internet as a powerful business tool, but sometimes the misuse of that asset could turn out to be very expensive as it consumes IT resources and affects negatively employee productivity, in addition to compromise security. Some businesses accept the personal use of IT resources at the workplace, but there is a faulty line that divides what is right and wrong in terms of personal use. Other more serious offenses may include access to unauthorized or confidential material, cyberstalking, identify and information theft, hacking, embezzlement, child pornography etc. Internal computers can also be used to commit fraud against the employer or its customers or suppliers. In some cases involving an employee accessing certain types of illegal websites, a company may be subject to criminal investigation.  [1]  Computer related evidence can also be used to investigate cases of bribes.  [2]   Companies from different sizes have some sort of security policy in place that helps shaping the adequate use of information technology (IT) assets or identifying misbehaviour. Those security policies may have been implemented in line with security standards, such as ISO/IEC 27001:2005  [3]  , ISO/IEC 27002:2005  [4]  and the Internet Security Forum (ISF)  [5]  , but initiatives in this area are normally linked to two important and quite different streams. First, financial obligations impose IT systems to have tight checks, such as access control and authorization procedures, segregation of duties, contingency plans etc. Second, IT departments establish security mechanisms to protect internal computers from external threats, such as viruses, network attacks, and phishing among others cyber threats. Such tasks are mostly performed by distinct teams, with different skills in the IT and business areas. Failures to protect the internal network can put companies in situations where information systems can be compromised, private or confidential information leaked, or even computers being used by criminal networks via botnets  [6]  . In cases like this, companies may find its computer systems confiscated for inspection as part of criminal investigation, in addition to being subject to damages in reputation. A recent survey from Ernst Young  [7]  shows an increase in the perception of internal threats related to information security. About 75% of respondents revealed that they are concerned with possible reprisal from employees recently separated from their organization. That may have had some impact originated from the recent global financial crisis, but it is also due to the increasing level of automation and value of digital assets present in almost all organizations. Another interesting finding of this survey is that the primary challenge to effectively delivering information security was the lack of appropriate resources.  [8]   The computer misuse act (UK) As a first important UK legislation designed to address computer crime, the Computer Misuse Act (CMA)  [9]  became law in 1990. It turned, for example, hacking and viruses dissemination criminal offenses. The Act identifies three computer misuse offences: Section 1 Unauthorised access to computer material (a program or data). Section 2 Unauthorised access to a computer system with intent to commit or facilitate the commission of a serious crime. Section 3 Unauthorised modification of computer material. A person is guilty of an offence under section 1 if: He causes a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access to any program or data held in any computer The access he intends to secure is unauthorised; and He knows at the time when he causes the computer to perform the function. The Section 2 deals with unauthorised access to computer systems with the specific intention of committing, or facilitating the commission, of a serious crime. A person is guilty of an offence under this section if he commits an offence under Section 1 with intent to commit or facilitate the commission of a further, sufficiently serious, offence. The Section 3 covers unauthorized modification of computerised information, and thus includes viruses and trojans  [10]  . A person is guilty of an offence under this section if: He does any act which causes an unauthorised modification of the contents of any computer; and At the time when he does the act he has the requisite intent and the requisite knowledge. The requisite intent is an aim to cause a modification of the contents of the computer and by so doing impair its operation or hinder access to it, or any data stored on it. The requisite knowledge is the awareness that any modification one intends to cause is unauthorised. The CMA is responsible for a variety of convictions, from nanny agencies (R v Susan Holmes 2008) to ex-employees (R v Ross Pearlstone one of the first).  [11]  One recent arrest under the CMA involved two suspected computer hackers that have been caught in Manchester in a major inquiry into a global internet fraud designed to steal personal details. The investigation focused on ZBot trojan, a malicious software or malware  [12]  that records online bank account details, passwords and credit card numbers to ultimately steal cash with that information. It also steals password of social network sites.  [13]   Trends in security incidents Large organizations are the ones more likely to have adequate Information Security Policies in place. The utilization of Information Security practices in general requires the availability of skilled and well-trained people, risk assessment procedures and well managed incident response procedures. To some extent, the implementation of such practices is available in most businesses. However, the last PWC Global Economic Crime Survey  [14]  shows that large organizations are the ones to report more frauds. The survey confirms that the larger the organization the bigger the relative number of reported incidents. It also showed an interesting trend in detections methods, which is pertinent to our analysis. For example, internal audit went down to 17% of cases in 2009 against 26% in 2005. In addition, fraud risk management rose to 14% in 2009 from 3% in 2005. Newly risk management approaches try to be more proactive as opposed to traditional audit procedures. That trend may also demon strate that manual procedures (mostly audits) are being replaced by more automation (fraud management systems). Digital forensics science and cyber forensics Digital forensic science can be defined as: The use of scientifically derived and proven methods toward the preservation, collection, interpretation, documentation and presentation of digital evidence derived from digital sources for the purpose of facilitating or furthering the reconstruction of events found to be criminal, or helping to anticipate unauthorized actions shown to be disruptive to planned operations.  [15]   Carrier and Spafford (2003)  [16]  argue that digital evidence concerns with data in digital format that establishes a crime has been committed, thus it provides a link between a crime and its victim or perpetrator. A digital crime scene is therefore the electronic environment where digital evidence potentially exists. Evidences, which are made of bits and bytes, are part of the digital forensic science (DFS) realm, which also includes visual and audio evidences. As a subset of the DFS, the cyber forensics field focus on the investigation of evidences via scientific examination and analysis of digital data so that it can be used as admissible and verifiable evidence in a court law. Evidences in this field includes log files, equipment primary and volatile memory, storage media, software (code) and virtually any document in digital format, such as email, sms messages etc. Evidence in general must be admissible, authentic, complete, reliable and believable, therefore requirements for digital evidence are not different in essence. Fundamentally, the process of managing the lifecycle of digital evidence is the same as the physical evidence. It includes the following phases: preparation, response, collection, analysis, presentation, incident closure.  [17]  However, digital evidence is highly volatile and once it has been contaminated, it cannot come back to its original state.  [18]  The chain of custody is an essential condition for digital evidence admissibility and preservation. The context Threats to evidence collection Evidence may exist in logs, computer memory, hard disks, backup tapes, software and so on. IT organizations are normally the ones supporting the usage of IT assets that generates most of the digital evidence as a result of doing business. However, IT organizations provide services to their companies mostly using multivendor strategies. In addition, users are mobile and spread along several geographic areas; workstation and servers are hardly standardized; and vendors use different methods for proving services and are bound to complex service level agreements (SLAs) that penalize them when services are not available or running with poor performance. The focus is always on running services to the lowest possible cost with adequate performance and availability. Whenever a problem may exist damaging the availability of a system, analysts will try to recover the full capacity of that service. It may imply that systems will be, in a rush, restarted or have its logs and other files deleted to improve processing capacity. In addition, although storing costs have fallen considerably during the last years, mainly on the end user side, data-center storage has been still expensive. Therefore, the pressures coming from costs reduction programs can, as a result, compromise running an adequate storage strategy. Moreover, this have implications that will hinder storing data longer, and reduce backup/restore procedures. Forensic readiness In the context of enterprise security, forensic readiness may be defined as the ability of an organization to maximize its potential to use digital evidence whilst minimising the costs of an investigation.  [19]  An adequate management of digital evidence lifecycle may help an organization to mitigate the risk of doing business. It can support a legal dispute or a claim of intellectual property rights. It can also support internal disciplinary actions or even just show that due care has taken place in a particular process.  [20]   An initiative, which aims at supporting a forensic readiness program, would include:  [21]   Maximising an environments ability to collect credible digital evidence; Minimising the cost of forensics during an incident response. In a general perspective, the utilization of enterprise information security policies will facilitate forensic readiness initiatives. However, in any security incident there will be mostly focus on containment and recovery due to the short-term business critical issues.  [22]   In order to help organizations implement a practical forensics readiness initiative, Rowlingson (2004) suggests a 10-step approach, as follow:  [23]   Define the business scenarios that require digital evidence. Identify available sources of different types of potential evidence. Determine the evidence collection requirement. Establish a capacity for securely gathering legally admissible evidence to the requirement. Establish a policy for secure storage handling and potential evidence. Ensure monitoring is target to detect and deter major incidents. Specify circumstances when escalation to a full formal investigation should be launched. Train staff in incident awareness, so that all those involved understand their role in the digital evidence process and the legal sensitivities of evidence Document an evidence-based case describing the incident and its impact Ensure legal review to facilitate action in response to the incident. Rowlingson also highlights two types of evidences: background evidence and foreground evidence. While the first is collected and stored via normal business reasons, the second is gathered to detect crime, and more frequently done via monitoring. However, monitoring typically raises privacy issues consequently requiring alignment to local laws. The monitoring process may help identifying data correlation between different events, thus increasing the potential of digital evidence based investigations. Admissibility of digital evidence Digital evidence can be defined as any data stored or transmitted using a computer that support or refute a theory of how an offense occurred or that address critical elements of the offense such as intent or alibi  [24]  . Digital evidence is useful not only to address cyber crimes, but also in an extensive range of criminal investigations, such as homicides, child abuse, sex offenses, drug dealing, harassment, and so on. Dicarlo (2001) argues that the basic questions about admissibility of evidences are relevance, materiality, and competence. When evidence is considered relevant, material, and competent, and is not blocked by an exclusionary rule, hearsay for example, it is admissible. Evidence is relevant when it has any tendency to make the fact that it is offered to prove or disprove within certain probability. Evidence is material if it is offered to prove a fact that is at issue in the case. Evidence is then competent if the proof that is being offered meets certain traditional requirements of reliability.  [25]   Daubert  [26]  has posed a threshold test to validate an evidence competency as a class of evidence.  [27]  Digital forensic evidence proposed for admission in courts must meet two basic conditions; it must be relevant, and derived by scientifically sound method. The digital forensics field is highly technical and grounded on science, which in turn bring some challenges to forensics professionals. Initially, it requires specific skills to deal with as it can be challenging to handle. For example, pieces of bytes can be put together to recover a deleted email that would provide key information to a case. Nevertheless, it would require an exhausting work to collect, handle and find the significant data. A similar situation occurs when decoding information carried by wire or wireless networks. Additionally, the knowledge of the digital evidence environment and how it can be produced is essential for any investigation. In Loraine  [28]  , Judge Grimm (2007) remarkably considered the Federal Rules of Evidence regarding its admissibility and authentication. He confirmed that the way evidence is gathered, processed and produced have a significant impact on its admissibility. According to the court, evidence must be: Relevant; Authentic; If hearsay, allowable under the hearsay exceptions; Original, duplicate or supported by admissible secondary evidence; The probative value of such evidence cannot be outweighed by any unfair prejudice or other factors. Another important issue is that digital evidence, to some extent, is easily manipulated. It can purposely suffer modification from offenders or be accidently altered during the collection phase without obvious signs of distortion.  [29]  However, differently from physical evidences, it offers some particular features:  [30]   It can be duplicated. In fact, this is a common practice in investigations and aims at diminishing the risk of damages to the original. It is traceable. Appropriate tools can be used to determine if digital evidence has been modified or tampered when compared to the original copy. It is difficult to destroy. For example, deleted data can be recovered even if hard disk is damaged. It may contain metadata (data about data). For example, a deleted file can show when it was deleted and last modified. Electronic data discovery Electronic Data Discovery  [31]  is any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case.  [32]   The 2006 amendments in the US Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP)  [33]  were driven by the increasingly use of the electronic form as evidence in litigation. The FRCP refers to electronic data discoverable as Electronic Stored Information (ESI). It constituted a milestone in the field, which is requiring organizations to be better prepared to store and manage business records. In addition, it established the legal hold, which means that organizations are under the duty to preserve information if they reasonable anticipate that a lawsuit may commence.  [34]   Normally, following a court order, an electronic discovery procedure can be carried out offline or online, on a particular computer or in a network, for the purpose of obtaining critical evidence. Electronic data is clearly easier to be searched when compared to paper documents. In addition, data can be perpetuated if properly stored, or even recovered if once deleted. If an entity becomes involved in a lawsuit, it will probably be requested to provide information that is in digital form. It is essential to be able to identify where and how the information can be retrieved. In preparation for electronic discovery, an enterprise will likely have to face the following issues:  [35]   Changes in business process to identify, collect and manage business records and knowledge assets; Implementation of new systems, technology or consulting to manage the lifecycle of the electronic discovery; Need to instruct and inform employees about their responsibilities regarding the need to preserve information and make it discoverable. In a event that an organization cannot locate or retrieve discoverable information, it may be subject to penalties or even have the case turning to the opposite side.  [36]   Discoverable electronic information must be produced regardless of the device it is stored, its format, its location or type.  [37]  If the burden or cost to produce is not reasonable, then it does not need to be produced. However, courts are entitled to order the discovery in situations where a good cause would exist.  [38]   Chain of custody is a fundamental requirement of ESI. Electronic discover processes should demonstrated the integrity of documents from storage to retrieval. Without historical records, evidence can be held inadmissible. Metadata per se is contestable as digital evidence; however, it can support the integrity and traceability of evidences. The FRCP also provide that one side may be required to grant the other access to a specific computer system as part of a discovery request, including technical support for that.  [39]  The whole aspect of maintaining an appropriate environment to locate, secure, and search discoverable information, increase the need to maintain IT tools that better support ESI processes. Although IT departments within organizations are the ones on duty to guarantee the technical means to preserve and recover ESI, electronic discovery as such is an evolving field that requires more than technology. Moreover, it may rise legal, jurisdictional, security and personal privacy issues, which still need to better assessed. Practices for incident response Every incident is unique and can incorporate many different areas of the affected organization. A right response to incidents requires an appropriate level of planning and coordination. In spite of being a critical element of any information security policy, incident response is one of the least practiced, most stressful, highly scrutinized task as it requires that incident analysts be well prepared in advance, be quick and calm, and act considering a wide range of possibilities.  [40]   Common cases of information security incidents may include economic espionage, intellectual property theft, unauthorized access to data, stolen passwords, unauthorized or inappropriate use of email and web, malicious code, such as worms with backdoors or trojans, and insider threats. In dealing with breaches, organizations face the following common challenges:  [41]   Misunderstanding of risks; Limited understanding of where sensitive data are collected, used, stored, shared and destroyed; Insufficient emphasis on secure coding practices and security quality assurance; Permissive access; No information classification; Flat architecture; Duties not segregated; Third-party connectivity/access; No access controls and limited physical controls; End-use computing vulnerabilities; Limited role and activity based training and guidance. The ISO/IEC 27002:2005 is a Code of Practice for Information Security Management. It is a well-known guide for the subject and widely used within private organizations as a reference for the information security management. The Section 13 Information Security Incident Management deals with information security events, incidents and weaknesses. It intends to provide a framework and a starting point for developing a cyber threat response and reporting capability. It says incidents should be promptly reported and properly managed. An incident reporting or alarm procedure is required, plus the associated response and escalation procedures. There should be a central point of contact, and all employees, contractors etc should be informed of their incident reporting responsibilities.  [42]   In addition, responsibilities and procedures are required to manage incidents consistently and effectively, to implement continuous improvement (learning the lessons), and to collect forensic evidence. An organization must respond in some way to a computer security breach whether it is an intrusion/hack, the implantation of malicious code such as a virus or worm, or a denial of service attack. The better prepared the organization is to respond quickly and effectively, the better the chance it will have to minimize the damage.  [43]   The ISACA ´s Cybercrime: Incident Response and Digital Forensics  [44]  internal control checklist recognize the following steps for reacting efficiently and quickly to information security-related incidents: Pre-incident; Immediate action; Secondary action; Evidence collection; Corrective measures; Evaluation. Systems administrators duties Statistics in general indicate that companies are more and more subject to internal and external attacks. The digital economy is pervasive and more and more documents now appear to exist only in electronic means. Even social engineering techniques, which many times target non-authorized physical access, will leave electronic traces in some way. Thus, system and network administrators are many times the first ones to get to know that security incidents or breaches are taking place. The appropriate procedure to collect evidence is vital to the success of any certain case. It is fundamental to understand how to collect evidence, how it may be interpreted and what data will be available to trace criminal actions.  [45]   The AAA  [46]  architecture, defined by the RFC 2903  [47]  , is a familiar concept for system and network professionals, and useful when considering forensics. The model is based on key information security concepts: authentication, authorization and accounting. Authentication is concerned with the process of positively identifying a user, process or service and ensuring that they have sufficient credentials to enter and use systems and resources. Each usually requires information (account user names and passwords being a good example) that differentiates them uniquely and hopefully undisguisably. Authorization is concerned with ensuring that resource requests will be granted or denied according to the permission level of the requester. Accounting is concerned with the monitoring and tracking system activities. From a network security perspective, accounting is often called auditing. Auditing is the process of logging communications links, networks, systems and related resources to ensure that they may be analysed at a later date. Accurate and detaile

Manila and Rizal Essay

Even if this great man lived a century and a half ago, his teachings and the ideals he embodied are still alive today. In fact, there is a little bit of Jose Rizal in everyone if you only take a close look. He would probably squander his fortunes by now, because he loves women, and he is probably working as on OFW maybe as a Mercenary for a private military company abroad. Or he immigrated to Spain and worked as a Physician†¦ And enjoys the weekend at the beach with his girlfriends, or he could have been Public Enemy number one for speaking the truth against the corrupt Religious establishments and Philippine Government. Much of Rizal’s greatness has been downplayed over the years. Most people only know of Dr. Rizal as the writer of two Filipino literary pieces that are studied in high school. He appears on the humble one peso coin. Hundreds gather at Rizal Park, even if not to remember our national hero, then to spend a leisurely Sunday afternoon. However, people may wonder how a man born 150 years ago can be considered relevant in today’s times. The Philippines is no longer under Spanish Rule, and there’s no revolution going on. Filipinos are still being oppressed by debilitating poverty. The country’s resources are being raped. While we declare ourselves to be a democracy, there is no authentic freedom from the bondage of poverty, illiteracy, corruption and the manipulation of the masses. Or maybe other people would think of him as an ordinary person just like you and me. He is not going to be our national hero if he were alive today. But knowing the capability of Rizal he might just be one of the Philippines prominent personality like.Casino.Abalos.Fernando etc†¦Also in the politics because Rizal is a known speaker and a critics of the government then. But didn’t you notice that is why Rizal was born in those time and age for him to be somebody else. He wasn’t put to be in these time & age. Why? Because his talent and his ability will be gone for naught or for nothing. That is why there is a time for each and every one of us, not to the time we choose it to be but what God has plan for all of us. But some people would also say that. Rizal was not meant for this time. He has his own place and time just like we do. If ever he was living at this time, probably the Philippines are speaking in different languages just like him. And the Philippines are much more stable in economic terms. You don’t need to be a doctor, rich, well educated, well traveled or get shot in the back to be like Rizal. There is Rizal in you if you love your country, if you respect your fellowman and want what is best for the nation. If you are willing to set aside your personal interests for that of the common or greater good, then there is Rizal in you I think Jose Rizal would work as an ophthalmologist and serve the poor people in depressed areas†¦ At the same time He would educate the Filipino youth as a teacher. He’d be the first one to write articles against the corrupt government. If Jose Rizal were alive today, he would probably run for public office, since nowadays, that’s what heroes and sons of heroes do. He would even likely be President. Up to this day, the received wisdom is that he had retracted and the many objections to it have been forgotten through the years. Rizal’s alleged retraction became just another controversy and his heroism diminished under a cloud. Fortunately, Rizal was both intellectually gifted, having mastered many different languages and being a versatile genius in many fields; and strong in character, as he possessed outstanding traits like courage, devotion to truth, integrity, selflessness, and loyalty. Jose Rizal gives all of us inspiration in all the things we do. He is inspires us to be hardworking and diligent, which most of us are not. Rizal is our hero, our inspiration, our lesson of the past that we should be a man for our country.

Market survey in construction industry

Identify top three areas for improvement and provide suggestions Answer: 1 All the firms need to exhibit a touch with their markets and customers. Such a step will provide best reputation. But majority of the firm lose touch due to several reasons. Such reasons are indicated in the following table no. L Reasons leading to no touch[table no:l] 1. Non professionalism lack of expertise. 2. Adamant / improper culture higher Judgments. 3. Less information about the market unfair nature of the company. 4. Less information what customer wants InnocenceRemarks: The above table is indicating the reasons for lack of touch and also the factors behind each factor. Implication of the above reasons: 1. Loss of reputation. 2. Decline in the market share. 3. Rapid drops in the profitability. Remedial measures to overcome above: 1 . Training the department and professionals. 2. Conducting a market research to assess aspirations of clients and customers. 3. Design/develop/organizequestionnairesfor dat a collection/ analysis. Answer:AAA I am associated with Shapiro Apollonian & co Ltd. My company is lost the projects for so many reasons,In this case, my company lost touch with the market segment due to this, company is exhibiting learning competency to show improvements. This is shown in the following table. Learning competency: [table no: 2] Factor Learning competency Customer satisfaction. Management requirement/product design/development. High quality. TTS Low cost. Cost reduction/cost control. Post sale service. Commitment/special team development/necessary. Lower guaranty/warranty Product life cycle appearance. The above table indicates the learning competency adoption measuring.Product Life Cycle Initial Occidentalizing Development mm [Fig no: 1] mm mm Tabooed figure indicating the learning competency adoption measures The above product life cycle approach indicates three important areas for improvement. 1 . Product technology in an innovative fashion so as to deliver high q uality products at the lowest price. 2. Very high productivity oriented labor to deliver products in time with very low rejection rates. 3. Well established infrastructure [non automatic] where the machinery are contributing to successful production.The above areas contribute to a healthy working to the company. Suggestions for improvement: A long sustenance in the market demands very high customer satisfaction. Hence, the company should work for improved quality at lowest cost to attract customer satisfaction 2. Company should consider product obsolescence. It means the company to be vigilant always to modern developments. 3. Automation to be avoided. This is because the question on learning competency. Learning is on the part of individuals but not on machines. Machines do not learn but individuals learn.Hence major proportion of labor and a miner proportion of machines is recommended. Other improvements 1 . Marketing's with high profit orientation. 2. Setting product strategy wit h higher contributions. 3. E -commerce marketing practices attracting key customers. 4. Designing and managing integrated marketing communications interactive marketing for effective market share enhancements rapidly. 5. Managing development process to release products as per schedules. 6. Building customer value satisfaction and loyalty. All these improvements are oriented towards a very rapid growth.

How Does An Individual Become Delinquent - 1605 Words

How does an individual become delinquent? There are many views in society of why deviant behavior plays a role in ones life. One example is known as The Social Control Theory, originally known as The Social Bond Theory in 1969. During the 1960’s sociologists sought different conceptions of crime. One question general asked is â€Å"why do people follow the law?† The social Control Theory suggests that individuals become deviant when their bond to society has weakened. This tend to happen when individual do not tend to get things their way. Social control theory refers to a perspective which predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges.† Therefore when an individual do not have social connections or a lack of social network they tend to sidetrack to a different path. In fact, these individuals are the ones that would prohibit criminal activity in society. In the world of criminology many theorists have proposed many compelling ideas surrounding the control of crime and delinquency. One of those theorists is Albert Reiss. According to Reiss, â€Å"Delinquency may be defined as the behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls to produce behavior in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attached. Personal control may be defined, as the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community. SocialShow MoreRelatedAlbert Cohens Meaning Of Delinquent Subcultures1463 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Cohen’s work on delinquent subcultures was influenced by Robert Merton and Edwin Sutherland as he was student of both. Cohen draws on Merton’s strain theory as an underlying theory to develop his understanding on delinquent subculture within inner city neighborhoods. 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A big problem with the solution to delinquency is whether delinquents should be punished

Study Guide Eco/365 - 2084 Words

ECO/365 Final Examination Study Guide This study guide prepares you for the Final Examination you complete in the last week of the course. It contains practice questions, which are related to each week’s objectives. Highlight the correct response, and then refer to the answer key at the end of this Study Guide to check your answers. Use each week’s questions as a self-test at the start of a new week to reflect on the previous week’s concepts. When you come across concepts that you are unfamiliar with, refer to the Student Guide for that particular week. Week One: Fundamentals of Microeconomics Objective: Differentiate between macroeconomics and microeconomics. 1. Macroeconomics is a. the study of individual choice and†¦show more content†¦11. Suppose wages and employment decrease. These changes were most likely caused by a(n) a. decline in immigration b. increase in emigration c. increase in the working age population d. decline in business activity in the economy 12. The incentive effect refers to how much a person will change his or her a. hours worked in response to a change in the wage rate b. wage rate in response to a change in productivity c. quantity demanded of a taxed good in response to a change in the tax rate d. wage rate in response to a change in the tax rate on earnings Objective: Analyze the effect of changes in marginal revenues and costs on a firm’s profit-making potential. 13. Rachel left her job as a graphic artist, where she earned $42,000 per year, to open her own graphic arts firm. Her explicit costs for the new business include a. only the expenses incurred for office space, equipment, and supplies b. only her foregone salary of $42,000 per year c. both the expenses incurred for office space, equipment, and supplies, and her foregone salary of $42,000 per year d. neither the expenses incurred for office space, equipment, and supplies, nor her foregone salary of $42,000 per year 14. If your company cell phone bill is either $40 when you use up to 300 minutes per month or $80 when you use between 300 to 400 minutes per month, the marginal cost of the 301st minute is a. $0.13Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Whole Foods1390 Words   |  6 Pagesintervention in children’s nutrition and wellness. Aiming to eradicate the childhood obesity epidemic, Whole Foods works with schools and educators to emphasize the importance of fresh, nutritious meals (Peng, 2013). The researcher will review this case study on â€Å"Whole Foods† by examining the following information; †¢ From an institution-based view, how would you characterize Whole Foods’ strategy featuring its â€Å"heroic† purpose to â€Å"try to change and improve our world†? †¢ What are Whole Foods’ firm-specificRead MoreSupply Demand Paper Eco/3651105 Words   |  5 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation University of Phoenix May 9, 2013 ECO/365 - Principles of Microeconomics The Supply and Demand Simulation consist of microeconomics and macroeconomics concepts. The concepts are explained and how they apply to the principle of microeconomics and macroeconomics. The simulations presents shifts in the supply and demand curve, the rationale for the shift is given. Each shift is analyzed showing the effects of the equilibrium price, quantity, and decision makingRead Moreeco/365 week 2 individual1293 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Supply and Demand Simulation ECO 365 Supply and Demand Simulation The Supply and Demand simulation was reviewed on the student website demonstrated the concepts of the concepts of microeconomics and macroeconomics. The principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics were explained and applied throughout the simulation demonstrate the rationale for the shifts in the supply and demand curve. Each shift is analyzed showing the effects of the equilibriumRead MoreCosta Rica: The Accidental Green Tourist3597 Words   |  15 Pages Literature Review In the process of gathering scholarly debates on the topic of effectiveness of ecotourism with regard to socio-economic and environmental benefit, it was revealed how many scholars believe in the success of ecotourism. 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In my opinion, this allows a sound structure and organization to the broad areas of knowledge. For the purpose of the Foundation Stage Classroom, Language amp; Literature and Mathematics amp; Logic should be considered the core subjects. Science and Social Studies should be taught as Units of Inquiry. Language Other than English, Art, Drama, Music, IT and Health amp; PERead MoreSamsung Strategic Management5130 Words   |  21 PagesEnterprise packages are most powerful, innovative connected devices in the market, comprehensive and also best in class enterprise mobility solutions to meet today’s demand of a diverse mobile workforce. The  Ansoff matrix  is easy examples case study to identify the opportunities to grow Samsung strategic direction in today’s business in South East Asia region.  It breaks things into four segments depending on whether they look at new or existing products and new or existing markets.   Have a lookRead MoreJ.K Tyres and Industry Company Analysis14185 Words   |  57 PagesEntry 4.3.6 Perfect Substitution 4.4 Product/Market Analysis 5. Financial statement analysis 5.1 Accounting ratios 5.2 Cash flow analysis 6. Research project 6.1 Working capital analysis 6.2 Working capital ratio analysis 6.3 SWOT analysis 7. Detailed study of the company 7.1 Human resource department 7.2 Marketing department 7.3 Finance department 8. Conclusion Recommendations 9. Key Leanings 10. Annexure 11. References 1. Executive Summary In this project I have tried to analyze the tyre industryRead MoreEssay about Whole Foods Market16819 Words   |  68 Pages[pic] Business Policy and Strategic Management Spring 2009 Team C TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Case Study of Whole Foods 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Organization Mission 1 1.3 The External Environment 2 1.3.1 Remote Environment 2 1.3.2 Industry Environment 3 1.3.3 Operating Environment 3 1.4 The Internal Environment 4 1.5 Generic Strategy 4 1.6 Long-Term Objectives 5 1.7 Grand Strategies 6 1.8 Short-Term Objectives 6 1.9 Functional TacticsRead MoreCase 29 Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes?25159 Words   |  101 Pagesorganization. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization, spell out its overall goal, provide a path, and guide decision-making. 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Prison Recidivism And Reentry - 3158 Words

Women in Prison: Recidivism and Reentry The study of recidivism amongst women in prison is important because most research focuses on the male population. The reasons for the â€Å"revolving door† phenomenon are different for women; therefore, their treatment should be more gender focused and specific to their needs. Judging by the rates at which women recidivate, you could assume that somewhere along the way the system has failed them. What role does drug use, motherhood, mental health, physical, sexual, and mental abuse play in the recidivism of female inmates? According to Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004), drugs have been one of the major culprits leading to incarceration and repeat criminal offenses among women in recent years. Drug offenses have the largest increase of any crime committed by female offenders. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012), the most serious offense for 59.4% of women in federal prison and 25.1% of women in state prisons is violatio n of drug laws (Carson Sabol, 2011). In addition, Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004) found that the rise in female criminal behavior and incarceration can be attributed to changes in women’s behavior and changes in the drug laws. The rate of drug sales, use, and addiction has increased, which has caused the number of women incarcerated for drug related crimes to increase. Although drug dealing has commonly been seen as a male dominated criminal activity, women have become more involved in the distributionShow MoreRelatedPrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 PagesWomen in Prison: Recidivism and Reentry The study of recidivism amongst women in prison is important because most research focuses on the male population. The reasons for the â€Å"revolving door† phenomenon are different for women; therefore, their treatment should be more gender focused and specific to their needs. Judging by the rates at which women recidivate, you could assume that somewhere along the way the system has failed them. What role does drug use, motherhood, mental health, physicalRead MoreThe Recidivism Rates Throughout The United States849 Words   |  4 Pages Just as the number of people in prison grows, so too does the number of people leaving prison. Research shows that 95 percent of all prisoners in the United States are released at some point (Katel 2009). The Department of Justice reports that more than 600,000 prisoners are released each year (John Oliver 2015). This means that hundreds of thousands of people reenter society and are expected to have learned from their time behind bars. Unfortunately, most of these people released back into societyRead MoreAmerica s High Prison Population1511 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s High Prison Population Since the 1970s, America’s prison population rate has risen 700%. Despite the U.S. comprising only 5% of the world’s population, it is the largest jailer with 25% of the world’s prison population with one in 99 adults in prison and one in 31 under some type of correctional control (Mass Incarceration Problems, 2014, p. 1). According to 2013 data, 2.2 million are currently incarcerated in U.S. prisons or jails (Incarceration, 2013, para. 1), a figure that indicatesRead MoreReentry And Reentry Initiatives : Jenifer1445 Words   |  6 Pages Reentry and Reentry Initiatives Jenifer Roberts Brown Mackie College TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT†¦ PAGE 3 INTRODUCTION†¦. PAGE 3 SUMMARY†¦.. PAGE 3 WHAT IS REENTRY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ PAGE 3 GOALS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT†¦.. PAGE 4 LAW ENFORCEMENT REENTRY INITIATIVES†¦ PAGE 4 REENTRY COURTS†¦.. PAGE 4 WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF FAITH-BASED AND COMMUNITY INITIATIES†¦ PAGE 5 SERIOUS VILENT OFFENDER REENTRY INITIATIVE (SVORI)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. PAGE 5 TRANSITIONRead MoreThe Strain On Taxpayer s Money Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesBureau of Prisons, on average, it costs 31,286 dollars to house one inmate. Some Maximum-Security prisons cost as much as 60,000 dollars an inmate and goes on to name that the most expensive prison, Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, costs approximately 90,000 dollars a year (The Law Dictionary, 2012). While the thought of alleviating the cost associated with jails and prisons, is an unreachable goal, the goal of lowering the number of recidivist and in turn lowering overcrowding is attainable. Prison programsRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Reentry Programs On Reducing Juvenile Recidivism Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Reentry Programs On   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reducing Juvenile Recidivism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By: Tiffany Gilliam La Salle University PHLT 752: Capstone I Introduction Nearly, 5% of the world s population is represented by the United who possesses 25% of the world s prisoners (Liptak, 2008). Approximately 2.2 million prisoners are awaiting pre-trial and 1.6 million post-trial inmates are incarcerated in city, state, and federal prisons throughoutRead MoreThe Recidivism Reduction And Public Safety Act764 Words   |  4 Pages(Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Weekly 1). o The Recidivism Reduction and Public Safety Act of 2014: ï‚ § This act was introduced to congress by Senator Sheldon in 2013. The purpose of the bill was to reduce the prison population, reduce recidivism rates, and make communities safer. ï‚ § The act was passed by congress a year later in 2014. ï‚ § The act directs the U.S. attorney general to â€Å"conduct a review of recidivism reduction programs and productive activities which includes prison jobs offered within correctional facilities†¦Read MoreBeing Released From Prison : A Positive Outlook On Returning1075 Words   |  5 PagesBeing released from prison can be very hard and often the released do not have much of a positive outlook on returning to their communities and staying out of prison. These ex-offenders often return to an area that is disenfranchised and they themselves have a strong sense of anomie and disconnect. This coupled with the lack of resources, skills, opportunities, family ties, health issues, and the now added stigma of a criminal record often leads them back into the lives they may want to escapeRead MoreAn Offender Reentry Plan Will Keep the Citizens of Hawaii Safer.1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Department of Public Safety plays a key role in overseeing the management of jails and pri sons. Part of its role is to fulfill its mission of implementing a successful offender reentry program for all incarcerated offenders. This mission is mandated by the Hawaii State Senate Bill 932, Act 8 (Nakaso Kayton, 2007). The approval of this legislature was made in order to alleviate the problem of recidivism and stop the â€Å"swinging door effect.† The â€Å"swinging door effect† is defined as the repeatedRead MoreThe Effect of Rehabilitation and the Rate of Recidivism1727 Words   |  7 Pages With the highest incarcerated rate in the world, does the United States prison systems offer quality rehabilitation or just punishment? According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there was approximately 706 prisoners per 100,000 residents, or about 2.2 million prisoners in 2012 and within 3 years, almost 6 out of 10 released inmates will be rearrested and half will be back in prison. According to data from www.gpo.gov , the vast majority of prisoners are not rehabilitated. Two-thirds

Painting essay

Painting essay- Water Mill Fog Joseph Lawson Water Mill Fog Many artists attempt to provoke emotions and interest through there artwork; however, not all truly succeed. Though one artist that skillfully rouses sentiment and curiosity is Jane Wilson (b. 1924). One of her most famous paintings, Water Mill Fog (1966), has an intriguing sense of mystery behind it. It is an oil painting on canvas that is 60 X 74- 1/2. The title, Water Mill Fog, directly depicts the scene of the painting. In 1960, Jane and her husband moved to Water Mill, NY, where she was inspired by the beautiful landscape. She had a deep understanding of fog, which is revealed in her quote, lee always looked forward as much to the fog of Water Mill as to the clear weather. The fog. Like darkness, makes familiar places unfamiliar in ways that never seem to repeat. This gives a new depth to the title; showing her intent to infuse the piece with the sense of unfamiliarity, and mystery, The painting was made on a large scale, heightening the viewers sense of engagement. As someone stands in front of the painting, then they will be surrounded by a fog and the mystery of what it hides. Even the paintings lack tot frame gives the sense of vastness and openness, as if the fog extended beyond the painting. The tog helps organize the composition in a static and restful manner, Jane painted Water Mill Fog in a very impressionistic style. She focused on how the scene was perceived rather than the full reality of the scene, The techniques that Wilson used with oil paint veer very effective in making the atmospheric fog and giving the sense of an unveiled mystery The brush strokes are loose, large, and blotchy, making everything appear wispy, tactile, and soft The paint appears to be blend into canvas in many areas, making the objects of the composition soft and subtle. Most objects in the scene are composed of minimal brush strokes, Which takes away detail and gives the impression Of a fogs diffused blur. However, this composition has much more than just a fog over landscape. The painting has a large building in the background with a dirt road and trees in front of it. A car drives on the road with its lights on, bringing illumination and warmth to parts of the composition. All figures are blurred by the fog, and some of them even require stepping back to see. There is a heavy use of highlights on house gable and fascia that help the house from being blurred out entirely from the fog. The trees of the composition appear as light, vague, and plastic. The fog softens their texture by revealing only parts of the trees. The colors used in the painting help create the illusion tog. Only neutral colors were used and the hues vary only slightly to give the effect that objects blend into each other. The overall color tot the composition is a cool gray/tot white, giving the impression that both the color and shapes are altered by the fog. The overall experience with this painting is pleasant. The fog blends the soft colors in a way that gives the sense of stillness and airiness. Prom the quote mentioned above, it could be assumed that Jane Wilson wanted the viewer to both ponder and experience the unfamiliar _ The fog acts as a veil that covers the full reality of the scene. It leaves a great part of the composition unknown and invites the imagination to fill in the gaps. It captures the viewers by bringing then to a State Of interest, and then releases them with a sense of stillness.